{
 "name": "Yesterday's Architects history map",
 "publisher": "Black Executive Journal",
 "url": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/data",
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "credit": "Black Executive Journal, \"Yesterday's Architects history map,\" https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/data",
 "updated": "2026-10-07T22:10:03.690913+00:00",
 "entities": [
  {
   "id": "american-revolution",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "American Revolution",
   "alt_names": [
    "Revolutionary War"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "War during which Cumbo, as a free Black property owner, had to choose sides; her son served at Valley Forge.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192769",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/american-revolution"
  },
  {
   "id": "arps-deputation-1898",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "ARPS deputation to England (1898)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1898",
   "region": "United Kingdom",
   "summary": "Delegation sent to England to argue against the Lands Bill, financed by Sey.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/arps-deputation-1898"
  },
  {
   "id": "atlanta-race-massacre-1906",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "1906 Atlanta Race Massacre",
   "alt_names": [
    "1906 Atlanta Race Riot"
   ],
   "dates": "1906",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Four days of white mob violence beginning September 22, 1906, that killed at least 25 Black Atlantans and attacked Black-owned businesses.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/atlanta-race-massacre-1906"
  },
  {
   "id": "bell-estate-litigation",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Bell estate litigation",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Legal battles after Thomas Bell's 1892 death in which Teresa Bell and others contested Pleasant's claims to jointly held assets.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/bell-estate-litigation"
  },
  {
   "id": "chatsworth-murder-trial-1928",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "1928 Chatsworth murder trial",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1928",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Murder trial in Chatsworth, Georgia, at which Howell testified as a witness.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/chatsworth-murder-trial-1928"
  },
  {
   "id": "cincinnati-riots-1829",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Cincinnati riots of 1829",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1829",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "After a bond-or-expulsion order, mobs attacked Cincinnati's Black wards; between 1,100 and 1,500 Black residents left the city.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5120350",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1829",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cincinnati-riots-1829"
  },
  {
   "id": "colorado-gold-rush",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Colorado Gold Rush",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1859",
   "region": "Colorado, United States",
   "summary": "Gold rush in Colorado Territory that drew Brown west in 1859.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331895",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike's_Peak_gold_rush",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/colorado-gold-rush"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbia-riots-1834",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Columbia race riots of 1834",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1834",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "In August and October 1834 white mobs in Columbia, Pennsylvania attacked Black residents and property; Stephen Smith's office was destroyed.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/columbia-riots-1834"
  },
  {
   "id": "cumbo-v-white-1778",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Edith Cumbo's suit against Adam White (1778)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1778",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Suit for trespass, assault and battery in York County Court; the court ruled for Cumbo and awarded one shilling in damages.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cumbo-v-white-1778"
  },
  {
   "id": "great-depression",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Great Depression",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Economic crisis during which Endsley and her daughter Maggie fed hungry, homeless people.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8698",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/great-depression"
  },
  {
   "id": "haiti-counterfeiting-scheme-1828",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Haitian counterfeit coin scheme (1828)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Hamilton distributed counterfeit Haitian coins supplied by American businessmen in Port-au-Prince; Haitian authorities put a $300 reward on him and he fled to New York.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/haiti-counterfeiting-scheme-1828"
  },
  {
   "id": "halifax-county-court-case",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Halifax County Court case against Edith Cumbo",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Earlier case in which Cumbo was accused of having a child out of wedlock; the court dismissed it.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/halifax-county-court-case"
  },
  {
   "id": "hamilton-v-accessory-transit",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Hamilton's lawsuit against the Accessory Transit Company",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "1850s suit by Hamilton against Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company over stock, control and possibly dividends.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/hamilton-v-accessory-transit"
  },
  {
   "id": "harpers-ferry-raid",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Harpers Ferry raid",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "John Brown's 21-man raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/harpers-ferry-raid"
  },
  {
   "id": "illinois-black-codes",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Illinois Black Codes",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Illinois, United States",
   "summary": "Illinois laws from 1819 restricting free Black settlers, including a $1,000 bond for formerly enslaved people who did not own property.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/illinois-black-codes"
  },
  {
   "id": "kentucky-separate-coach-law",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Kentucky Separate Coach Law fight (1891–1892)",
   "alt_names": [
    "Separate Coach Law of 1891",
    "Separate Coach Bill"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Kentucky's 1891 railway segregation statute, which Jackson opposed before the state legislature in 1892; it stayed on the books.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/kentucky-separate-coach-law"
  },
  {
   "id": "lands-bill-1897",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Lands Bill of 1897",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1897",
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "British colonial bill threatening customary African land tenure on the Gold Coast; withdrawn after the ARPS campaign.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lands-bill-1897"
  },
  {
   "id": "mason-v-smith",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Mason v. Smith",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1856",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "1856 Los Angeles freedom case before Judge Benjamin Hayes that freed Mason and 13 others; first ruling of its kind in California.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mason-v-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "mcworter-name-act-1837",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Illinois act granting Frank McWorter's surname (1837)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1837",
   "region": "Illinois, United States",
   "summary": "Act of the Illinois General Assembly giving Frank McWorter a legal surname, the ability to sue in court and a legal marriage.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mcworter-name-act-1837"
  },
  {
   "id": "mississippi-constitutional-convention-1890",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1890",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Convention that adopted poll taxes, literacy tests and an 'understanding clause' to disenfranchise Black voters; Montgomery was its only Black delegate.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mississippi-constitutional-convention-1890"
  },
  {
   "id": "mormon-migration",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Mormon migration westward",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Westward migration joined by the Smith household after its 1847 conversion; Mason walked about 1,700 miles to the Salt Lake Valley in 1848.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mormon-migration"
  },
  {
   "id": "national-negro-convention-1875",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "National Negro Convention of 1875",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Convention held in Nashville in 1875; Jackson served as its secretary.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/national-negro-convention-1875"
  },
  {
   "id": "panic-of-1893",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Panic of 1893",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Financial panic during which the True Reformers bank was the only Richmond bank to keep honoring checks.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2418422",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/panic-of-1893"
  },
  {
   "id": "pleasant-streetcar-suit-1866",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Pleasant's 1866 streetcar suit",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1866",
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Lawsuit Pleasant filed after she and two other Black women were ejected from a North Beach & Mission Railroad streetcar.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/pleasant-streetcar-suit-1866"
  },
  {
   "id": "upper-canada-rebellion",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "Upper Canada Rebellion",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1837",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "1837 rebellion during which about 1,000 Black Canadians, including Abbott, volunteered in the militia defending the colonial government.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389091",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/upper-canada-rebellion"
  },
  {
   "id": "war-of-1812",
   "kind": "event",
   "name": "War of 1812",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26013",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/war-of-1812"
  },
  {
   "id": "aborigines-rights-protection-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Aborigines' Rights Protection Society",
   "alt_names": [
    "ARPS"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Organization of merchants, educated professionals, chiefs and community leaders formed to oppose the 1897 Lands Bill; Sey was its first president.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4668404",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Aborigines'_Rights_Protection_Society",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/aborigines-rights-protection-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "accessory-transit-company",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Accessory Transit Company",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Vanderbilt-linked company running transportation routes to California via Nicaragua; Hamilton invested in or became entangled with it and sued it.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672525",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_Transit_Company",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/accessory-transit-company"
  },
  {
   "id": "american-moral-reform-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "American Moral Reform Society",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1835",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Early African American reform society co-founded by William Whipper in 1835.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/american-moral-reform-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "anti-slavery-society-of-canada",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Anti-Slavery Society of Canada",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Abolitionist society founded at Toronto City Hall in February 1851.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/anti-slavery-society-of-canada"
  },
  {
   "id": "atlanta-university",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Atlanta University",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "College founded in 1865 by the American Missionary Association on Atlanta's Westside; Howell studied there.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4572296",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/atlanta-university"
  },
  {
   "id": "bank-of-mound-bayou",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Bank of Mound Bayou",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mound Bayou's bank, described as the leading Black-owned bank in Mississippi; it failed in fall 1914.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136402979",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mound_Bayou",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/bank-of-mound-bayou"
  },
  {
   "id": "berea-college",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Berea College",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Kentucky college where Jackson was the only Black trustee for twelve years.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846859",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea_College",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/berea-college"
  },
  {
   "id": "brothers-sisters-love-and-charity",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Grand United Order of Brothers and Sisters of Love and Charity",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Fraternal organization founded by Allen that operated across the United States and into Liberia.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/brothers-sisters-love-and-charity"
  },
  {
   "id": "bustill-school",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Bustill's school for Black children",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1803",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Opened by Cyrus Bustill in his home at Third and Green Streets, Philadelphia.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/bustill-school"
  },
  {
   "id": "cape-coast-municipal-corporation",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Cape Coast municipal corporation",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Municipal body revived in 1887; Sey was elected one of seven councilors.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cape-coast-municipal-corporation"
  },
  {
   "id": "clara-brown-laundry",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Clara Brown's laundry",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1859",
   "region": "Colorado, United States",
   "summary": "Laundry Brown opened in Central City in 1859, by most accounts Colorado's first commercial laundry; extended to cooking, cleaning, midwifery and childcare.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/clara-brown-laundry"
  },
  {
   "id": "colonial-williamsburg",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Colonial Williamsburg Foundation",
   "alt_names": [
    "Colonial Williamsburg"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Living-history institution that interprets Cumbo's life and named her a 'Nation Builder'.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/colonial-williamsburg"
  },
  {
   "id": "colored-wesleyan-methodist-church-toronto",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Colored Wesleyan Methodist Church (Toronto)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Toronto Black church co-founded in 1838 by Abbott as one of six organizers.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/colored-wesleyan-methodist-church-toronto"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbia-bank",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Columbia Bank",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Bank in Columbia, Pennsylvania where Stephen Smith was a director and possibly the largest stockholder.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/columbia-bank"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbia-wrightsville-bridge",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Columbia–Wrightsville Bridge Company",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "burned 1863",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Toll bridge over the Susquehanna; burned on June 28, 1863 to stop Confederate troops.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396511",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%E2%80%93Wrightsville_Bridge",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/columbia-wrightsville-bridge"
  },
  {
   "id": "consolation-sisters",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Consolation Sisters",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Secret mutual aid society for enslaved women in Petersburg organized by Allen before the Civil War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/consolation-sisters"
  },
  {
   "id": "cumbo-laundry-business",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Edith Cumbo's laundry and domestic services business",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Laundry and domestic services business Cumbo ran in Williamsburg.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cumbo-laundry-business"
  },
  {
   "id": "endsley-coal-and-log-business",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Endsley family coal and log business",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Railroad-yard coal and log business in Dallas run by Jane Johnson Endsley and her sons; considered the largest business of its kind in the city.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/endsley-coal-and-log-business"
  },
  {
   "id": "first-african-presbyterian-church",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "First African Presbyterian Church",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Philadelphia church founded by Rev. John Gloucester Sr.; the nation's first African American Presbyterian congregation.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/first-african-presbyterian-church"
  },
  {
   "id": "first-ame-church-los-angeles",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles (FAME)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Oldest Black church in Los Angeles, co-founded in 1872 by Biddy Mason and Charles Owens; first met in Mason's Spring Street home.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/first-ame-church-los-angeles"
  },
  {
   "id": "free-african-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Free African Society",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1787",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Founded in Philadelphia on April 12, 1787 and led by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones; the first Black mutual aid organization in Philadelphia, paying benefits from members' monthly dues.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5499728",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_African_Society",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/free-african-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "freedoms-journal",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Freedom's Journal",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Black newspaper in which a letter described Hamilton as a 'base villain'.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003760",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom's_Journal",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/freedoms-journal"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghana-national-archives",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Ghana National Archives",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Holds Sarbah's business papers: letterbooks, trade journals, account books, cash books, ledgers and station books.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/ghana-national-archives"
  },
  {
   "id": "good-samaritans-daughters-of-samaria",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Fraternal order in which Allen was Grand Presiding Daughter.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/good-samaritans-daughters-of-samaria"
  },
  {
   "id": "h-boyd-company",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "H. Boyd Company",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1839–c. 1860",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Henry Boyd's bedstead manufactory at Broadway and Eighth in Cincinnati; more than 1,540 bedsteads in the 1850 census year.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/h-boyd-company"
  },
  {
   "id": "home-for-aged-colored-persons",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons",
   "alt_names": [
    "Stephen Smith Home"
   ],
   "dates": "1864",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Organized in Philadelphia on September 14, 1864 with an interracial board; endowed by Stephen Smith with land and ground rents and renamed the Stephen Smith Home in 1957.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/home-for-aged-colored-persons"
  },
  {
   "id": "household-of-ruth-womens-lodge-dallas",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Household of Ruth women's lodge (Dallas)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Women's lodge within the Household of Ruth, an auxiliary of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, that Endsley helped establish in the 1920s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/household-of-ruth-womens-lodge-dallas"
  },
  {
   "id": "hurricane-plantation-store",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Montgomery store at Hurricane Plantation",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Retail store Ben Montgomery opened in 1842 while enslaved, selling to slaves and owners on credit lines with Natchez and New Orleans wholesalers.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/hurricane-plantation-store"
  },
  {
   "id": "independent-order-of-st-luke",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Independent Order of St. Luke",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Fraternal order in which Allen served as Grand Chief and which Maggie Lena Walker later led.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113158849",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Order_of_St._Luke",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/independent-order-of-st-luke"
  },
  {
   "id": "jackson-and-hathaway",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Jackson and Hathaway",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Millinery shop in downtown Lexington co-operated by Belle Jackson; the only African American hat shop in the city.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jackson-and-hathaway"
  },
  {
   "id": "kentucky-state-university",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Kentucky State University",
   "alt_names": [
    "Normal School for Colored Persons"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Opened in 1877 as the Normal School for Colored Persons; Jackson sat on the committee that established it.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187623",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_State_University",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/kentucky-state-university"
  },
  {
   "id": "louisville-new-orleans-texas-railroad",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railroad",
   "alt_names": [
    "Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Railroad building a Memphis-to-Vicksburg line that employed Montgomery as a land agent and sold the Mound Bayou land.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6689434",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Railway",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/louisville-new-orleans-texas-railroad"
  },
  {
   "id": "macedonia-missionary-baptist-church-dallas",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church",
   "alt_names": [
    "Good Street Baptist Church"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Dallas church organized in 1884 by Rev. A.R. Griggs and Endsley; it grew into Good Street Baptist Church, a 5,000-member congregation.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/macedonia-missionary-baptist-church-dallas"
  },
  {
   "id": "mason-black-elementary-school-los-angeles",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Elementary school for Black children (Los Angeles)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Elementary school for Black children that Mason was instrumental in establishing.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mason-black-elementary-school-los-angeles"
  },
  {
   "id": "mason-travelers-aid-center",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Traveler's aid center (Los Angeles)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Aid center founded by Mason to support Black migrants arriving in California.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mason-travelers-aid-center"
  },
  {
   "id": "mcworter-saltpeter-works",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "McWorter saltpeter works",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": "Cave-based operation where Frank McWorter mined niter and made saltpeter; traded away in 1829 to buy his son's freedom.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mcworter-saltpeter-works"
  },
  {
   "id": "mound-bayou-cotton-oil-mill",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Mound Bayou Cotton Oil Mill",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Black-owned cotton oil mill capitalized at $100,000, opened in November 1912; control later passed to white businessman B. B. Harvey.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mound-bayou-cotton-oil-mill"
  },
  {
   "id": "mutton-chop-club",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Mutton Chop Club",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Club of Thomas Grimké, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney that met fortnightly at Seymour's restaurant.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mutton-chop-club"
  },
  {
   "id": "national-negro-business-league",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "National Negro Business League",
   "alt_names": [
    "NNBL"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "National Black business organization led by Booker T. Washington; Jackson sat on its Executive Committee in 1905–1906.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6974564",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Negro_Business_League",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/national-negro-business-league"
  },
  {
   "id": "peoples-shoe-store",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "People's Shoe Store",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Retail and manufacturing shoe business in Atlanta's Black commercial district founded by Mont and Edward Howell.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/peoples-shoe-store"
  },
  {
   "id": "philadelphia-columbia-railroad",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1834–1857",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "State-built railroad run as a public toll road: shippers supplied their own cars and coupled to state engines until the Pennsylvania Railroad bought it in 1857.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16983516",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Columbia_Railroad",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/philadelphia-columbia-railroad"
  },
  {
   "id": "philadelphia-female-anti-slavery-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1833",
   "region": null,
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7182673",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/philadelphia-female-anti-slavery-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "porter-and-jackson",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Porter and Jackson",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Funeral and livery business founded in 1892 at 36 North Limestone Street, the first African American-owned undertaking business in Lexington.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/porter-and-jackson"
  },
  {
   "id": "queen-victoria-benevolent-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Queen Victoria Benevolent Society",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Black women's self-help society organized in 1840 to assist sick and impoverished Black women.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/queen-victoria-benevolent-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "reform-central-committee",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Reform Central Committee",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Political committee established in 1859 on which Abbott served.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/reform-central-committee"
  },
  {
   "id": "remsen-house",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Remsen House",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Upscale Brooklyn Heights boarding house in the former Hamilton Club building, bought and run by Gloucester; a meeting place for abolitionists. Demolished in 1936.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/remsen-house"
  },
  {
   "id": "republican-national-convention",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Republican National Convention",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Party convention to which Jackson was a delegate-at-large in 1876 (Cincinnati) and 1892 (Minneapolis).",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q361909",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/republican-national-convention"
  },
  {
   "id": "saint-luke-penny-savings-bank",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Saint Luke Penny Savings Bank",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Bank founded in Richmond in 1903 by Maggie Lena Walker using the Independent Order of St. Luke.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/saint-luke-penny-savings-bank"
  },
  {
   "id": "second-congregational-church-newport",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Second Congregational Church (Newport)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Newport church Quamino attended.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/second-congregational-church-newport"
  },
  {
   "id": "seymour-cook-shop",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Sally Seymour's cook shop (80 Tradd Street)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Pastry shop, restaurant and catering business Seymour opened in 1795 at 80 Tradd Street, later run by her daughter Eliza.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/seymour-cook-shop"
  },
  {
   "id": "siloam-presbyterian-church",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Siloam Presbyterian Church",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Church co-founded by James Gloucester and funded by Elizabeth; a center of antislavery activity and an Underground Railroad stop.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/siloam-presbyterian-church"
  },
  {
   "id": "sisters-of-usefulness",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Sisters of Usefulness",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Secret mutual aid society for enslaved women in Petersburg organized by Allen; up to thirty members.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/sisters-of-usefulness"
  },
  {
   "id": "smith-and-whipper",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Smith & Whipper",
   "alt_names": [
    "Smith, Whipper & Co."
   ],
   "dates": "1822–1860s",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Lumber and coal firm in Columbia, Pennsylvania. By 1849 it owned twenty-two railcars moving thousands of tons of coal and 2.25 million board feet of lumber a year.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/smith-and-whipper"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-cecilia-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "St. Cecilia Society",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Exclusive Charleston social organization, founded 1762, that met at Seymour's establishment in 1817.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7587478",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cecilia_Society",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/st-cecilia-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-thomas-african-episcopal",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas",
   "alt_names": [
    "St. Thomas's African Episcopal Church"
   ],
   "dates": "1792",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "The first Black Episcopal church in the United States.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4689762",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Episcopal_Church_of_St._Thomas",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/st-thomas-african-episcopal"
  },
  {
   "id": "tobitha-society",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Tobitha",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Secret mutual aid society for enslaved women in Petersburg organized by Allen.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/tobitha-society"
  },
  {
   "id": "toronto-city-council",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Toronto City Council",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Municipal council to which Abbott was elected from St. Patrick's Ward in 1840.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2444341",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_City_Council",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/toronto-city-council"
  },
  {
   "id": "true-reformers",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Grand United Order of True Reformers",
   "alt_names": [
    "Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers",
    "True Reformers"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Fraternal mutual aid order reestablished in Richmond in 1875 that paid sickness and death benefits and in 1888 obtained a charter for the first Black-owned bank.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117184128",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_United_Order_of_True_Reformers",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/true-reformers"
  },
  {
   "id": "true-reformers-petersburg-fountain",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "True Reformers fountain, Petersburg",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "One of the True Reformers' first three local chapters (fountains), established by Allen in Petersburg.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/true-reformers-petersburg-fountain"
  },
  {
   "id": "true-reformers-savings-bank",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "True Reformers Savings Bank",
   "alt_names": [
    "True Reformers Bank"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "First Black-owned, Black-operated bank in the U.S., chartered by Virginia in 1888 and opened in Richmond on April 3, 1889; it honored all checks in the panic of 1893 and collapsed in 1910.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/true-reformers-savings-bank"
  },
  {
   "id": "underground-railroad",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Underground Railroad",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Network that moved enslaved people to freedom in the North and Canada.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/underground-railroad"
  },
  {
   "id": "wilberforce-university",
   "kind": "org",
   "name": "Wilberforce University",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "College where Jackson served as a lay trustee.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1730032",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_University",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/wilberforce-university"
  },
  {
   "id": "a-r-griggs",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Rev. A.R. Griggs",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Minister who organized Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church in Dallas with Jane Johnson Calloway Endsley in 1884.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/a-r-griggs"
  },
  {
   "id": "absalom-jones",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Absalom Jones",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Co-led the Free African Society, founded in Philadelphia in 1787; opened a school for Black children in 1804.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4669651",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalom_Jones",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/absalom-jones"
  },
  {
   "id": "adam-prior",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Adam Prior",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "London-born pastry cook in Charleston who trained Seymour in French culinary technique in the late 1780s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/adam-prior"
  },
  {
   "id": "adam-white",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Adam White",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "White man who trespassed on Edith Cumbo's property and assaulted her in June 1778; she sued him and won.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/adam-white"
  },
  {
   "id": "anderson-ruffin-abbott",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Anderson Ruffin Abbott",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Eldest son of Wilson and Ellen Abbott; first Canadian-born Black physician licensed to practice medicine (1861) and a surgeon with the U.S. Colored Troops in the Civil War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2846137",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/anderson-ruffin-abbott"
  },
  {
   "id": "belle-mitchell-jackson",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Eliza \"Belle\" Mitchell Jackson",
   "alt_names": [
    "Belle Jackson",
    "Eliza Mitchell Jackson"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Educator born in Perryville, Kentucky, first Black teacher at Camp Nelson, wife of Jordan Jackson from 1871 and co-operator of the Jackson and Hathaway millinery shop. Lived until 1942.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28101725",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Belle_Jackson",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/belle-mitchell-jackson"
  },
  {
   "id": "ben-montgomery",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Benjamin Montgomery",
   "alt_names": [
    "Ben Montgomery",
    "Benjamin T. Montgomery"
   ],
   "dates": "1819–1877",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Isaiah's father. While enslaved he opened a store on Hurricane Plantation in 1842 and traded on his own credit; after the war he bought the Hurricane and Brierfield plantations for $300,000, and R.G. Dun assessed his net worth at $230,000 in 1873.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886178",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Montgomery",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/ben-montgomery"
  },
  {
   "id": "benjamin-t-green",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Benjamin T. Green",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Formerly enslaved at Davis Bend; co-founded Mound Bayou with Isaiah Montgomery in 1887.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/benjamin-t-green"
  },
  {
   "id": "biddy-mason",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Biddy Mason",
   "alt_names": [
    "Bridget Mason",
    "Grandmother of Los Angeles"
   ],
   "dates": "c. 1818–1891",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Enslaved midwife who won her freedom in Mason v. Smith (1856), then worked as a nurse and midwife in Los Angeles and bought downtown land from 1866, becoming the wealthiest Black woman west of the Mississippi. She co-founded First AME Church of Los Angeles and funded schools and aid for Black Angelenos.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building",
    "Personal services and trades",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4904088",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biddy_Mason",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/biddy-mason"
  },
  {
   "id": "booker-t-washington",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Booker T. Washington",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Worked with Montgomery to persuade Julius Rosenwald to invest in the Mound Bayou Cotton Oil Mill and spoke at its 1912 opening.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319871",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/booker-t-washington"
  },
  {
   "id": "camilla-johnson",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Camilla Johnson",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Cook trained by Sally Seymour.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/camilla-johnson"
  },
  {
   "id": "charity-duchess-quamino",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Charity “Duchess” Quamino",
   "alt_names": [
    "Duchess Quamino",
    "Pastry Queen of Rhode Island"
   ],
   "dates": "c. 1739–1804",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born on the Gold Coast and enslaved in Newport, Rhode Island, as a cook and nanny for the Channing family, she gained her freedom and built a catering business known for frosted plum cake, earning the title 'Pastry Queen of Rhode Island.' She is one of the earliest documented Black entrepreneurs in colonial America.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Food and hospitality"
   ],
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/charity-duchess-quamino"
  },
  {
   "id": "charles-owens",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Charles Owens",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mason's son-in-law, married to her daughter Ellen; co-founded First AME Church of Los Angeles with her in 1872.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/charles-owens"
  },
  {
   "id": "chloe-seymour-pastry-cook",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Chloe",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Young woman Seymour purchased in 1804 to work as an enslaved pastry cook in her shop.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/chloe-seymour-pastry-cook"
  },
  {
   "id": "clara-brown",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Clara Brown",
   "alt_names": [
    "Angel of the Rockies"
   ],
   "dates": "c. 1800–1885",
   "region": "Colorado, United States",
   "summary": "Formerly enslaved woman who reached Central City, Colorado in 1859, opened what is described as Colorado's first commercial laundry, and invested in lots, cabins and mining claims. She used the proceeds to fund travel and housing for Black migrants, support churches and schools, and search for her scattered family.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Personal services and trades",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2975474",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Brown",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/clara-brown"
  },
  {
   "id": "commodore-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Commodore (child of Frank McWorter)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Free-born child of Frank and Lucy McWorter who moved with the family to Illinois in 1830.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/commodore-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "cornelius-vanderbilt",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Cornelius Vanderbilt",
   "alt_names": [
    "the Commodore"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Shipping and railroad tycoon whose Accessory Transit Company Hamilton sued in the 1850s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313721",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cornelius-vanderbilt"
  },
  {
   "id": "cyrus-bustill",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Cyrus Bustill",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1732–1806",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born into slavery in Burlington, New Jersey, he bought his freedom through a baking trade, supplied bread to the Continental Army, ran a commercial bakery on Arch Street in Philadelphia, co-founded the Free African Society and opened a school for Black children in his home.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33112128",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Bustill",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cyrus-bustill"
  },
  {
   "id": "daniel-cumbo",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Daniel Cumbo",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Edith Cumbo's son, who served at Valley Forge during the Revolutionary War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/daniel-cumbo"
  },
  {
   "id": "david-bustill-bowser",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "David Bustill Bowser",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Painter and grandson of Cyrus Bustill; sheltered John Brown at his Philadelphia home in 1858 and made regimental flags for United States Colored Troops.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5231959",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bustill_Bowser",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/david-bustill-bowser"
  },
  {
   "id": "david-s-shields",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "David S. Shields",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Author of The Culinarians (2017), which covers Seymour and the Charleston culinary dynasty.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/david-s-shields"
  },
  {
   "id": "edith-cumbo",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Edith Cumbo",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "c. 1735–?",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Free Black woman in 18th-century Williamsburg, Virginia, who farmed 50 inherited acres and ran a laundry and domestic services business as head of her own household. In 1778 she sued a white man, Adam White, for trespass, assault and battery in York County Court and won.",
   "themes": [
    "Personal services and trades",
    "Politics and civil rights",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115768230",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cumbo",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/edith-cumbo"
  },
  {
   "id": "edward-blewett",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Edward Blewett",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Branch agent for Sarbah at Elmina.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/edward-blewett"
  },
  {
   "id": "edward-howell",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Edward Howell",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Brother of Mont Howell and co-founder of the People's Shoe Store in Atlanta.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/edward-howell"
  },
  {
   "id": "eliza-allen",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Eliza Allen",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "c. 1840–after 1910",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in Westmoreland County, Virginia, she organized three secret mutual aid societies for enslaved women in Petersburg, then, working as a laundress after emancipation, rose to lead the Grand United Order of True Reformers. She was the only woman on the 1888 charter of the True Reformers Savings Bank, the first Black-owned bank in the United States.",
   "themes": [
    "Banking and finance",
    "Institution building",
    "Personal services and trades"
   ],
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/eliza-allen"
  },
  {
   "id": "eliza-jane",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Eliza Jane",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Daughter of Clara Brown, sold away in the 1830s; Brown found a woman believed to be her in the 1870s and brought her west.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/eliza-jane"
  },
  {
   "id": "eliza-seymour-lee",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Eliza Seymour Lee",
   "alt_names": [
    "Eliza Lee"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Seymour's daughter, who inherited the Tradd Street business in 1824 and ran a catering office and café there, training Nat Fuller.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64736509",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Seymour_Lee",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/eliza-seymour-lee"
  },
  {
   "id": "elizabeth-a-gloucester",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Elizabeth A. Gloucester",
   "alt_names": [
    "Elizabeth Amelia Parkhill",
    "Elizabeth Gloucester"
   ],
   "dates": "1817–1883",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born free in Richmond and raised in Philadelphia, she moved from secondhand clothing and furniture stores into real estate, running 15 or more boarding houses in New York and Brooklyn, with Brooklyn's Remsen House as the flagship. She funded Siloam Presbyterian Church and gave money to John Brown, and at her 1883 death was described as the wealthiest Black woman in America.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Food and hospitality",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91608852",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Gloucester",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/elizabeth-a-gloucester"
  },
  {
   "id": "elizabeth-smith",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Elizabeth (Lizzie) Smith",
   "alt_names": [
    "Lizzie Smith"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Pleasant's daughter.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/elizabeth-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "ellen-mason-owens",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Ellen (Mason) Owens",
   "alt_names": [
    "Ellen"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mason's eldest daughter, born around 1838; married Charles Owens.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/ellen-mason-owens"
  },
  {
   "id": "ellen-toyer-abbott",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Ellen Toyer Abbott",
   "alt_names": [
    "Ellen Toyer"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Wife of Wilson Ruffin Abbott, who taught him to read; helped organize the Queen Victoria Benevolent Society in 1840 to assist indigent Black women.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/ellen-toyer-abbott"
  },
  {
   "id": "emmett-endsley",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Emmett (son of Jane Johnson Endsley)",
   "alt_names": [
    "Emmett"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Son of Jane Johnson Endsley who helped run the family coal and log business in Dallas.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/emmett-endsley"
  },
  {
   "id": "felix-seymour-pastry-cook",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Felix",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Enslaved pastry cook Seymour purchased for $800 in 1814.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/felix-seymour-pastry-cook"
  },
  {
   "id": "francis-acquasi",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Francis Acquasi",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Branch agent for Sarbah at Ajua.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/francis-acquasi"
  },
  {
   "id": "frank-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Frank McWorter",
   "alt_names": [
    "Free Frank",
    "Free Frank McWorter"
   ],
   "dates": "1777–1854",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in South Carolina, he mined and processed saltpeter in Kentucky and used the proceeds, and later land sales, to buy sixteen family members including himself out of slavery. In 1836 he platted New Philadelphia, Illinois, the first town platted and registered by an African American.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Manufacturing",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5499850",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Frank_McWorter",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/frank-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "frank-mcworter-jr",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Frank McWorter Jr.",
   "alt_names": [
    "Young Frank"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Eldest son of Frank McWorter. He escaped slavery to Canada; in 1829 his father traded away the saltpeter operation to buy his legal freedom.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/frank-mcworter-jr"
  },
  {
   "id": "frederick-douglass",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Frederick Douglass",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Abolitionist and publisher; led an 1866 delegation on Black suffrage that included William Whipper.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215562",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/frederick-douglass"
  },
  {
   "id": "george-debaptiste",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "George DeBaptiste",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Detroit operator who bought the steamboat T. Whitney with William Whipper.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27468344",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_DeBaptiste",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/george-debaptiste"
  },
  {
   "id": "george-mcwhorter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "George McWhorter",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Scots-Irish planter who enslaved Frank McWorter and in 1795 moved him to Pulaski County, Kentucky to build and manage his holdings.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/george-mcwhorter"
  },
  {
   "id": "george-porter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "George Porter",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Massachusetts-born cabinetmaker in whose name Henry Boyd's 1833 bedstead-fastening patent was issued.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/george-porter"
  },
  {
   "id": "grace-bustill-douglass",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Grace Bustill Douglass",
   "alt_names": [
    "Grace Douglass"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Daughter of Cyrus Bustill; ran a millinery shop and co-founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24205994",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Douglass",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/grace-bustill-douglass"
  },
  {
   "id": "harriet-beecher-stowe",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Harriet Beecher Stowe",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, who held or attended meetings at the Remsen House.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102513",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/harriet-beecher-stowe"
  },
  {
   "id": "henry-boyd",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Henry Boyd",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1802–1886",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born into slavery in Carlisle, Kentucky, he bought his freedom, built a bedstead factory in Cincinnati employing twenty to fifty men, and invented a rope-bed joint that became standard practice. His factory closed after lease defaults around 1860.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Manufacturing"
   ],
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/henry-boyd"
  },
  {
   "id": "henry-highland-garnett",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Henry Highland Garnett",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Abolitionist speaker sponsored by Siloam and hosted at the Remsen House.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132833",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/henry-highland-garnett"
  },
  {
   "id": "henry-ward-beecher",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Henry Ward Beecher",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Preacher who held or attended meetings at the Remsen House.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1607404",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/henry-ward-beecher"
  },
  {
   "id": "holton-sisters",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Holton sisters",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Cooks trained by Sally Seymour who became rivals of her business.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/holton-sisters"
  },
  {
   "id": "isaiah-montgomery",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Isaiah T. Montgomery",
   "alt_names": [
    "Isaiah Montgomery",
    "I.T. Montgomery"
   ],
   "dates": "1847–1924",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved at Hurricane Plantation, Davis Bend, Mississippi, he founded the all-Black town of Mound Bayou in 1887 with Benjamin T. Green, governed it, and raised outside capital for its Cotton Oil Mill. As the only Black delegate to the 1890 Mississippi Constitutional Convention he accepted provisions that disenfranchised Black voters.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building",
    "Politics and civil rights",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6078542",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Montgomery",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/isaiah-montgomery"
  },
  {
   "id": "jacob-wilson-sey",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Jacob Wilson Sey",
   "alt_names": [
    "Jacob W. Sey",
    "J.W. Sey",
    "Kwaa Bonyi"
   ],
   "dates": "1832–1902",
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Anomabo-born carpenter and palm-wine tapper who built a large fortune in the palm-oil trade at Cape Coast. As first president of the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society he financed its 1898 deputation to England against the 1897 Lands Bill.",
   "themes": [
    "Politics and civil rights",
    "Trade and commerce",
    "West African merchants"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54480566",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Wilson_Sey",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jacob-wilson-sey"
  },
  {
   "id": "james-allen",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "James Allen",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Petersburg shoemaker whom Eliza Allen married after emancipation; they had five children.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/james-allen"
  },
  {
   "id": "james-gloucester",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "James Gloucester",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Youngest son of Rev. John Gloucester Sr.; married Elizabeth in 1838, co-founded Siloam Presbyterian Church and served as its pastor.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/james-gloucester"
  },
  {
   "id": "james-mccune-smith",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "James McCune Smith",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Black physician and intellectual who described Hamilton as 'the only black millionaire in New York' in the decade before the Civil War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139252",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCune_Smith",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/james-mccune-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "james-smith",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "James Smith",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Boston carpenter/contractor, abolitionist and agent for the Liberator; Pleasant's first husband and fellow Underground Railroad conductor, whose estate she used to expand that work.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/james-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "james-whipper-purnell",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "James Whipper Purnell",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Nephew and adopted son of William Whipper, trained in the lumber trade; became a lumber merchant in Chatham, Ontario.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/james-whipper-purnell"
  },
  {
   "id": "jane-johnson-endsley",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Jane Johnson Endsley",
   "alt_names": [
    "Jane Johnson Calloway",
    "Jane Johnson Calloway Endsley"
   ],
   "dates": "c. 1848–1933",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in Jefferson, Texas, she and her husband went from sharecropping to owning a 100-acre farm in Rowlett, then she sold the farm, kept the timber rights and built a railroad-yard coal and log business in Dallas considered the largest of its kind in the city. She co-founded Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church in 1884 and helped establish a Household of Ruth women's lodge.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building",
    "Real estate and land",
    "Trade and commerce"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23035653",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Johnson_Endsley",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jane-johnson-endsley"
  },
  {
   "id": "jeremiah-g-hamilton",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Jeremiah G. Hamilton",
   "alt_names": [
    "Jeremiah Hamilton",
    "Prince of Darkness",
    "Dark Prince"
   ],
   "dates": "c. 1806–1875",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Broker and speculator who, after fleeing Haiti over a counterfeiting scheme in 1828, traded securities from an office near Wall Street and speculated in Manhattan real estate. Called 'the only black millionaire in New York', he sued Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company and left an estate estimated at about $2 million in 1875.",
   "themes": [
    "Banking and finance",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15728141",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Hamilton",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jeremiah-g-hamilton"
  },
  {
   "id": "joe-endsley",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Joe (son of Jane Johnson Endsley)",
   "alt_names": [
    "Joe"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Son of Jane Johnson Endsley who helped run the family coal and log business in Dallas.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/joe-endsley"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-brown",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John Brown",
   "alt_names": [
    "John Brown (abolitionist)"
   ],
   "dates": "1800–1859",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Abolitionist; stayed in Philadelphia in 1858 with both Stephen Smith and David Bustill Bowser, according to BEJ's profiles.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189366",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-brown"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-gloucester-sr",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John Gloucester Sr.",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Philadelphia minister and founder of the First African Presbyterian Church, who raised Elizabeth from age six; father of James Gloucester.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-gloucester-sr"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-henry-jackson",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John Henry Jackson",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Jordan's brother; enrolled at Berea College at sixteen and in 1874 became the first African American college graduate in Kentucky.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-henry-jackson"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-james-pleasants",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John James Pleasants",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Formerly enslaved Creole cook and seaman; Pleasant's second husband, married around 1848.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-james-pleasants"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-quamino",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John Quamino",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "d. 1779",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "African man sent to America to learn a trade but sold into slavery; married Charity by 1769, bought his freedom with lottery winnings, and died in 1779 as a Revolutionary War privateer trying to earn money for her freedom.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94666696",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quamino",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-quamino"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-s-griffin",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John S. Griffin",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Prominent Los Angeles physician who employed Mason as a nurse and midwife after her freedom.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-s-griffin"
  },
  {
   "id": "john-sarbah",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "John Sarbah the Elder",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Fanti merchant of Cape Coast who built a network of stores, trading stations and agents along the central Gold Coast in the late 19th century. He helped open export channels in palm kernels and rubber and extended trade into southeastern Ivory Coast.",
   "themes": [
    "Trade and commerce",
    "West African merchants"
   ],
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/john-sarbah"
  },
  {
   "id": "jordan-c-jackson-jr",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Jordan C. Jackson Jr.",
   "alt_names": [
    "Jordan Carlisle Jackson Jr."
   ],
   "dates": "1848–1918",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in Lexington, Kentucky, and self-taught, he co-founded Porter and Jackson in 1892, Lexington's first Black-owned undertaking and livery business, and was first superintendent of Greenwood Cemetery. He also practiced law, edited newspapers, opposed Kentucky's Separate Coach Law before the legislature in 1892, and served as a trustee of Berea College.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building",
    "Personal services and trades",
    "Politics and civil rights"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136290217",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Carlisle_Jackson_Jr.",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jordan-c-jackson-jr"
  },
  {
   "id": "joseph-davis",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Joseph Emory Davis",
   "alt_names": [
    "Joseph Davis"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Older brother of Jefferson Davis who owned the Montgomery family and ran Hurricane Plantation as a 'community of cooperation'; after the war he sold the Hurricane and Brierfield plantations to Ben Montgomery.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16065635",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Emory_Davis",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/joseph-davis"
  },
  {
   "id": "josiah-mills",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Josiah Mills",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Branch agent for Sarbah at Winneba and Apam; corresponded with him on kernel prices and volumes.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/josiah-mills"
  },
  {
   "id": "juda-mother-of-frank-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Juda (mother of Frank McWorter)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mother of Frank McWorter; a woman kidnapped from West Africa and enslaved in South Carolina.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/juda-mother-of-frank-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "juliet-e-k-walker",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Juliet E. K. Walker",
   "alt_names": [
    "Juliet Walker"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Historian of African American entrepreneurship and a McWorter descendant; author of Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier (1983).",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191033",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_E._K._Walker",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/juliet-e-k-walker"
  },
  {
   "id": "julius-rosenwald",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Julius Rosenwald",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "President and board chair of Sears-Roebuck who subscribed to $25,000 in bonds of the Mound Bayou Cotton Oil Mill.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6137028",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/julius-rosenwald"
  },
  {
   "id": "kevin-mitchell",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Kevin Mitchell",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Culinary historian whose master's thesis on Charleston's freed and enslaved cooks is the primary academic work on the Seymour-Lee lineage.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/kevin-mitchell"
  },
  {
   "id": "lube-endsley",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Lube (son of Jane Johnson Endsley)",
   "alt_names": [
    "Lube"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Son of Jane Johnson Endsley who helped run the family coal and log business in Dallas.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lube-endsley"
  },
  {
   "id": "lucy-ann-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Lucy Ann (child of Frank McWorter)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Free-born child of Frank and Lucy McWorter who moved with the family to Illinois in 1830.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lucy-ann-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "lucy-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Lucy McWorter",
   "alt_names": [
    "Lucy"
   ],
   "dates": "1771–1870",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Wife of Frank McWorter, married in 1799 while both were enslaved; he bought her freedom for $800 in 1817 while she was pregnant. In Illinois she made butter and cheese, collected honey and raised poultry.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lucy-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "maggie-endsley",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Maggie (daughter of Jane Johnson Endsley)",
   "alt_names": [
    "Maggie"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Youngest daughter of Jane Johnson Endsley; worked with her mother to feed hungry and homeless people during the Great Depression.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/maggie-endsley"
  },
  {
   "id": "maggie-lena-walker",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Maggie Lena Walker",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Leader of the Independent Order of St. Luke who founded the Saint Luke Penny Savings Bank in Richmond in 1903, the first African American woman to charter a bank in the United States.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q542579",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/maggie-lena-walker"
  },
  {
   "id": "martin-delany",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Martin Delany",
   "alt_names": [
    "Martin R. Delany"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Writer and physician whose 1852 book recorded both Stephen Smith's business figures and Henry Boyd's Cincinnati factory.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046980",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Delany",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/martin-delany"
  },
  {
   "id": "mary-ellen-pleasant",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Mary Ellen Pleasant",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "c. 1814–1904",
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Formerly bonded servant who built a San Francisco business empire of boardinghouses, laundries, dairies, restaurants, real estate and investments, listing herself in the 1890 census as a 'capitalist by profession'. She financed Underground Railroad work, funded Black churches and schools, and sued over streetcar segregation in 1866.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Food and hospitality",
    "Politics and civil rights"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15499500",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mary-ellen-pleasant"
  },
  {
   "id": "mary-hussey",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Mary Hussey",
   "alt_names": [
    "Grandma Hussey"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Nantucket Quaker merchant ('Grandma Hussey') who ran a shop on Union Street; Pleasant served the Hussey family as a young bonded servant.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mary-hussey"
  },
  {
   "id": "mary-sister-of-ellen-toyer-abbott",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Mary (sister of Ellen Toyer Abbott)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Ellen Abbott's sister, employed by Wilson Abbott as a well-paid housekeeper.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mary-sister-of-ellen-toyer-abbott"
  },
  {
   "id": "mont-howell",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Mont Howell",
   "alt_names": [
    "George Montgomery Howell"
   ],
   "dates": "1866–1944",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Atlanta University-educated shoemaker who founded the People's Shoe Store, a retail and manufacturing business in Atlanta's Black commercial district, with his brother Edward. He sat on the National Negro Business League's Executive Committee, witnessed the 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre and kept his business operating for decades afterward.",
   "themes": [
    "Institution building",
    "Manufacturing",
    "Trade and commerce"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138081722",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Howell",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mont-howell"
  },
  {
   "id": "moses-calloway",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Moses Calloway",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in Tennessee; married Jane Johnson in 1862 in Jefferson, Texas, and with her moved from sharecropping to owning a 100-acre farm in Rowlett. Died in the late 1880s or early 1890s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/moses-calloway"
  },
  {
   "id": "nat-fuller",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Nat Fuller",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Apprentice of Eliza Seymour Lee who in 1865 catered the first interracial dinner in Charleston celebrating the end of the Civil War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/nat-fuller"
  },
  {
   "id": "paul-robeson",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Paul Robeson",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1898–1976",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Singer, actor and civil rights figure; great-great-grandson of Cyrus Bustill.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273233",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/paul-robeson"
  },
  {
   "id": "phebe-hussey-gardner",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Phebe Hussey Gardner",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Member of the Hussey family, married to Quaker abolitionist Edward Gardner; lifelong friend of Pleasant, whose household took her in.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/phebe-hussey-gardner"
  },
  {
   "id": "rebecca-burns",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Rebecca Burns",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Author of Rage in the Gate City (2011), which documents Howell's firsthand account of the 1906 massacre.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/rebecca-burns"
  },
  {
   "id": "richard-allen",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Richard Allen",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Co-led the Free African Society, founded in Philadelphia in 1787.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2567590",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/richard-allen"
  },
  {
   "id": "richard-beale",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Richard Beale",
   "alt_names": [
    "Major Richard Beale"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Owner of the Westmoreland County estate where Allen was born enslaved.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/richard-beale"
  },
  {
   "id": "richard-cumbo",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Richard Cumbo",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Edith Cumbo's father, a free Black man who fought in the French and Indian War and was granted 50 acres in Williamsburg, which he left to her.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/richard-cumbo"
  },
  {
   "id": "robert-curry-owens",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Robert Curry Owens",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mason's grandson, who inherited the Mason Block and became the wealthiest Black man in Los Angeles County.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/robert-curry-owens"
  },
  {
   "id": "robert-marion-smith",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Robert Marion Smith",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Mississippi slaveholder who held Mason in bondage, took her west with the Mormon migration and to California, and lost the Mason v. Smith freedom case in 1856.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/robert-marion-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "sally-seymour",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Sally Seymour",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "d. 1824",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born enslaved in Charleston and trained in French pastry while enslaved, she was manumitted in 1795, opened a cook shop at 80 Tradd Street and bought the building in 1802. She ran Charleston's most prestigious catering business for 29 years, trained a generation of Black cooks, and also enslaved six to nine people in her kitchen.",
   "themes": [
    "Food and hospitality",
    "Institution building",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64585151",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Seymour",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/sally-seymour"
  },
  {
   "id": "sarah-mapps-douglass",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Sarah Mapps Douglass",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Educator, abolitionist and artist; granddaughter of Cyrus Bustill and a board member of the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons that Stephen Smith endowed.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7422565",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Mapps_Douglass",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/sarah-mapps-douglass"
  },
  {
   "id": "shane-white",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Shane White",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Historian, author of the biography Prince of Darkness: The Untold Story of Jeremiah G. Hamilton, Wall Street's First Black Millionaire.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/shane-white"
  },
  {
   "id": "shennette-garrett-scott",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Shennette Garrett-Scott",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Historian, author of Banking on Freedom (2019), the main scholarly treatment of Allen.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123004364",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennette_Garrett-Scott",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/shennette-garrett-scott"
  },
  {
   "id": "solomon-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Solomon McWorter",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Son of Frank McWorter. He owned 500 acres in Pike County, Illinois by 1872 and in 1873 shipped 100 head of cattle from Barry to Buffalo by rail.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/solomon-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "squire-mcworter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Squire (son of Frank McWorter)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Son of Frank and Lucy McWorter, born free after his father bought his pregnant mother's freedom in 1817.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/squire-mcworter"
  },
  {
   "id": "stephen-smith",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Stephen Smith",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "c. 1795–1873",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born into slavery in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, he bought his release in 1816, built a lumber and coal firm in Columbia with William Whipper, became a director of the Columbia Bank, and moved his capital into Philadelphia real estate and securities. R.G. Dun & Co. rated his net worth at $500,000 in 1857.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Freight and transport",
    "Institution building",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61598326",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(abolitionist)",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/stephen-smith"
  },
  {
   "id": "t-t-jeffrey",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "T.T. Jeffrey",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Branch agent for Sarbah at Ajua and Axim.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/t-t-jeffrey"
  },
  {
   "id": "thomas-bell",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Thomas Bell",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "d. 1892",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Scottish immigrant and clerk in a stocks and investments firm who became Pleasant's business partner in the 1860s; much of their joint wealth was titled in his name. Died in 1892 after a fall in the Octavia Street mansion.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/thomas-bell"
  },
  {
   "id": "thomas-boude",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Thomas Boude",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1752–1822",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Revolutionary War officer, congressman and Columbia lumber merchant to whom Stephen Smith was indentured as a child; Smith later managed his lumber business.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7787759",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boude",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/thomas-boude"
  },
  {
   "id": "thomas-martin",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Thomas Martin",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Charleston planter who enslaved Seymour, fathered her children, arranged her training and manumitted her in 1795.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/thomas-martin"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-c-goodridge",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William C. Goodridge",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "York, Pennsylvania merchant who owned ten railcars in 1849 and worked the same rail corridor in league with Smith and Whipper.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29354596",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Goodridge",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-c-goodridge"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-channing",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William Channing",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Rhode Island attorney general whose family enslaved Quamino in Newport.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-channing"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-ellery-channing",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William Ellery Channing",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Unitarian minister and abolitionist whom Quamino cared for as a child; he wrote her epitaph in 1804.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352783",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-ellery-channing"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-m-porter",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William M. Porter",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Jackson's partner in Porter and Jackson, Lexington's first African American undertaking firm; later bought out by Jackson.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-m-porter"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-still",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William Still",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Abolitionist and author of The Underground Railroad (1872), which records William Whipper's own account; sat on the board of the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3568976",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Still",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-still"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-washington-browne",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William Washington Browne",
   "alt_names": [
    "Rev. William Washington Browne"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Formerly enslaved Georgia man who founded the Grand United Order of True Reformers; the bank first operated from his Richmond home. Died 1897.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21028453",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Washington_Browne",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-washington-browne"
  },
  {
   "id": "william-whipper",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "William Whipper",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1804–1876",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Born in Drumore Township, Lancaster County, he ran the Smith & Whipper yards and railcars in Columbia, Pennsylvania, co-founded the American Moral Reform Society, and used the firm's cars and payroll to move freedom seekers north.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Freight and transport"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8020262",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whipper",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/william-whipper"
  },
  {
   "id": "wilson-ruffin-abbott",
   "kind": "person",
   "name": "Wilson Ruffin Abbott",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "c. 1801–1876",
   "region": null,
   "summary": "Ran a grocery store in Mobile, Alabama, until a white mob threat drove him to Toronto in 1835, where he became a property dealer owning 42 houses, five lots and a warehouse by 1871. In 1840 he was elected to Toronto City Council, the first Black elected municipal official in what became Canada.",
   "themes": [
    "Financing freedom",
    "Politics and civil rights",
    "Real estate and land"
   ],
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8023196",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Ruffin_Abbott",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/wilson-ruffin-abbott"
  },
  {
   "id": "anomabu",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Anomabu",
   "alt_names": [
    "Anomabo"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Coastal town on the Gold Coast; Sey's birthplace.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/anomabu"
  },
  {
   "id": "asin",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Asin",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Producing area where Sarbah helped stimulate rubber collection in the early 1880s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/asin"
  },
  {
   "id": "assini",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Assini",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Côte d'Ivoire",
   "summary": "Area of southeastern Ivory Coast into which Sarbah extended his trade.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/assini"
  },
  {
   "id": "atlanta",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Atlanta",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Georgia, United States",
   "summary": "City where Howell studied, ran the People's Shoe Store and witnessed the 1906 massacre.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23556",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/atlanta"
  },
  {
   "id": "boston",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Boston",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Massachusetts, United States",
   "summary": "City where Pleasant apprenticed with a tailor in the 1840s and married James Smith.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/boston"
  },
  {
   "id": "brierfield-plantation",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Brierfield Plantation",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Mississippi, United States",
   "summary": "Davis plantation sold with Hurricane to Ben Montgomery after the Civil War.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/brierfield-plantation"
  },
  {
   "id": "brooklyn",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Brooklyn",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New York, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18419",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/brooklyn"
  },
  {
   "id": "burlington-new-jersey",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Burlington, New Jersey",
   "alt_names": [
    "Burlington"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New Jersey, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550922",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/burlington-new-jersey"
  },
  {
   "id": "camp-nelson",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Camp Nelson, Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/camp-nelson"
  },
  {
   "id": "cape-coast",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Cape Coast",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Gold Coast port town and commercial center; base of John Sarbah and Jacob W. Sey.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221283",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cape-coast"
  },
  {
   "id": "cape-may",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Cape May, New Jersey",
   "alt_names": [
    "Cape May"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New Jersey, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138548",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cape-may"
  },
  {
   "id": "carlisle-kentucky",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Carlisle, Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [
    "Carlisle"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2624404",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Kentucky",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/carlisle-kentucky"
  },
  {
   "id": "central-city-colorado",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Central City, Colorado",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Colorado, United States",
   "summary": "Gold-rush town where Brown ran her laundry and held property.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302210",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/central-city-colorado"
  },
  {
   "id": "charles-city-county-virginia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Charles City County, Virginia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Virginia, United States",
   "summary": "Edith Cumbo's birthplace.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337348",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/charles-city-county-virginia"
  },
  {
   "id": "charleston",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Charleston, South Carolina",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "South Carolina, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47716",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/charleston"
  },
  {
   "id": "chatham-ontario",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Chatham, Ontario",
   "alt_names": [
    "Chatham"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5087616",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/chatham-ontario"
  },
  {
   "id": "chatsworth-georgia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Chatsworth, Georgia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Georgia, United States",
   "summary": "Town where Howell testified as a witness in a 1928 murder trial.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2843015",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth,_Georgia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/chatsworth-georgia"
  },
  {
   "id": "cincinnati",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Cincinnati",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ohio, United States",
   "summary": "The leading manufacturing city west of the Alleghenies in the 1830s and 1840s, operating under Ohio's Black Laws.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43196",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cincinnati"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbia-pennsylvania",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Columbia, Pennsylvania",
   "alt_names": [
    "Columbia"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Pennsylvania, United States",
   "summary": "Susquehanna River town where the Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad met the river; home of the Smith & Whipper lumber and coal yards.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133892",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Pennsylvania",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/columbia-pennsylvania"
  },
  {
   "id": "cove-haven-cemetery",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Cove Haven Cemetery",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/cove-haven-cemetery"
  },
  {
   "id": "dallas",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Dallas",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Texas, United States",
   "summary": "Rail crossroads city where Endsley built her coal and log business.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16557",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/dallas"
  },
  {
   "id": "dauphin-county",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Dauphin County, Pennsylvania",
   "alt_names": [
    "Dauphin County"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Pennsylvania, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488690",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/dauphin-county"
  },
  {
   "id": "davis-bend",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Davis Bend, Mississippi",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Mississippi, United States",
   "summary": "Site of the Davis plantations and the Montgomery family's postwar cotton enterprise.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5241840",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Bend,_Mississippi",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/davis-bend"
  },
  {
   "id": "denver",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Denver",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Colorado, United States",
   "summary": "City where Brown held property and died in 1885.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16554",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/denver"
  },
  {
   "id": "douglass-park-lexington",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Douglass Park (Lexington)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": "Park for Black residents of Lexington, named for Frederick Douglass, created by a committee Jackson chaired.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/douglass-park-lexington"
  },
  {
   "id": "dresden-ontario",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Dresden, Ontario",
   "alt_names": [
    "Dresden"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1258446",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/dresden-ontario"
  },
  {
   "id": "eden-cemetery",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Eden Cemetery",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Collingdale, Pennsylvania, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5336824",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Cemetery_(Collingdale,_Pennsylvania)",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/eden-cemetery"
  },
  {
   "id": "evergreen-cemetery-los-angeles",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Evergreen Cemetery",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Cemetery where Mason was buried in an unmarked grave until a tombstone was erected in 1988.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/evergreen-cemetery-los-angeles"
  },
  {
   "id": "georgia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Georgia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "United States",
   "summary": "State where Howell was born in 1866.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/georgia"
  },
  {
   "id": "gods-little-acre",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "God’s Little Acre (Common Burying Ground)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Rhode Island, United States",
   "summary": "Colonial African burial ground within Newport's Common Burying Ground.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/gods-little-acre"
  },
  {
   "id": "gold-coast",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Gold Coast",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "British colony on the West African coast, present-day Ghana.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/gold-coast"
  },
  {
   "id": "graves-plantation",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Graves family plantation, Newtown Pike",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": "Plantation outside Lexington where Jackson was born enslaved and returned to work for three years after freedom.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/graves-plantation"
  },
  {
   "id": "green-wood-cemetery",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Green-Wood Cemetery",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New York, United States",
   "summary": "Historic Brooklyn cemetery where Gloucester is interred.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/green-wood-cemetery"
  },
  {
   "id": "greenwood-cemetery-lexington",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Greenwood Cemetery (Lexington)",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": "Lexington's Black cemetery; Jackson was its first superintendent.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/greenwood-cemetery-lexington"
  },
  {
   "id": "hamilton-ontario",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Hamilton, Ontario",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133116",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/hamilton-ontario"
  },
  {
   "id": "hurricane-plantation",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Hurricane Plantation",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Mississippi, United States",
   "summary": "Joseph Davis's plantation at Davis Bend where Isaiah Montgomery was born and his father ran a store.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/hurricane-plantation"
  },
  {
   "id": "jackson-mississippi",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Jackson, Mississippi",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Mississippi, United States",
   "summary": "Site of the 1890 Mississippi Constitutional Convention.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28198",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jackson-mississippi"
  },
  {
   "id": "jefferson-texas",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Jefferson, Texas",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Texas, United States",
   "summary": "Port city on Big Cypress Bayou and commercial capital of East Texas at mid-century; Endsley's birthplace.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q982839",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/jefferson-texas"
  },
  {
   "id": "kanawha-saltworks",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Kanawha saltworks",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "West Virginia, United States",
   "summary": "Salt operations where hired-out enslaved workers could earn \"overwork\" pay.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/kanawha-saltworks"
  },
  {
   "id": "kentucky",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": "State where Brown was enslaved for decades after being sold to a Kentucky family.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1603",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/kentucky"
  },
  {
   "id": "lancaster-county",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Lancaster County, Pennsylvania",
   "alt_names": [
    "Lancaster County"
   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Pennsylvania, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142369",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lancaster-county"
  },
  {
   "id": "leavenworth-kansas",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Leavenworth, Kansas",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kansas, United States",
   "summary": "Town where Brown worked as a domestic before joining a wagon train west in 1859.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762867",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/leavenworth-kansas"
  },
  {
   "id": "lexington-kentucky",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Lexington, Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49241",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lexington-kentucky"
  },
  {
   "id": "liberia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Liberia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Liberia",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/liberia"
  },
  {
   "id": "los-angeles",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Los Angeles",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/los-angeles"
  },
  {
   "id": "loudoun-county-virginia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Loudoun County, Virginia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Virginia, United States",
   "summary": "Birthplace of Ben Montgomery.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495310",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/loudoun-county-virginia"
  },
  {
   "id": "lower-denkyera",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Lower Denkyera",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ghana",
   "summary": "Producing area where Sarbah helped stimulate rubber collection in the early 1880s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/lower-denkyera"
  },
  {
   "id": "manhattan",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Manhattan",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New York, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11299",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/manhattan"
  },
  {
   "id": "mississippi",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Mississippi",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mississippi"
  },
  {
   "id": "mobile-alabama",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Mobile, Alabama",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Alabama, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79875",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mobile-alabama"
  },
  {
   "id": "mound-bayou",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Mound Bayou, Mississippi",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Mississippi, United States",
   "summary": "All-Black town in the Mississippi Delta founded in 1887 by Isaiah Montgomery and Benjamin T. Green on 840 acres bought at $7 an acre.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867508",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Bayou,_Mississippi",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/mound-bayou"
  },
  {
   "id": "nantucket",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Nantucket, Massachusetts",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Massachusetts, United States",
   "summary": "Island where Pleasant served the Hussey family and learned business in their shop.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49149",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/nantucket"
  },
  {
   "id": "nashville",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Nashville, Tennessee",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Tennessee, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23197",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/nashville"
  },
  {
   "id": "new-philadelphia-illinois",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "New Philadelphia, Illinois",
   "alt_names": [
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   ],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Illinois, United States",
   "summary": "Town platted by Frank McWorter in 1836 on 42 acres in Pike County: 20 blocks and 144 lots. Bypassed by the Hannibal & Naples Railroad in 1869, it declined and is now a National Park Service site.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14687954",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Philadelphia_National_Historic_Site",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/new-philadelphia-illinois"
  },
  {
   "id": "new-york-city",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "New York City",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "New York, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/new-york-city"
  },
  {
   "id": "newport-rhode-island",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Newport, Rhode Island",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Rhode Island, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54264",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/newport-rhode-island"
  },
  {
   "id": "oakland",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Oakland, California",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "City where Pleasant bought houses and lots.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17042",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/oakland"
  },
  {
   "id": "octavia-street-mansion",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "1661 Octavia Street mansion",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "San Francisco mansion shared by Pleasant and the Bell family; called 'Bell's mansion' or 'Mammy Pleasant's mansion' in period accounts.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/octavia-street-mansion"
  },
  {
   "id": "olive-cemetery",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Olive Cemetery",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": "1849",
   "region": "Philadelphia, United States",
   "summary": "African American burial ground established in 1849; rescued from a sheriff's sale by Stephen Smith in 1857.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/olive-cemetery"
  },
  {
   "id": "owen-sound-ontario",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Owen Sound, Ontario",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017735",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Sound",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/owen-sound-ontario"
  },
  {
   "id": "perryville-kentucky",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Perryville, Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q589888",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville,_Kentucky",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/perryville-kentucky"
  },
  {
   "id": "petersburg-virginia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Petersburg, Virginia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Virginia, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511964",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/petersburg-virginia"
  },
  {
   "id": "philadelphia",
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   "name": "Philadelphia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Pennsylvania, United States",
   "summary": "The largest free Black community in the early republic and the base of several Yesterday's Architects.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/philadelphia"
  },
  {
   "id": "pike-county-illinois",
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   "name": "Pike County, Illinois",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Illinois, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491017",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Illinois",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/pike-county-illinois"
  },
  {
   "id": "port-au-prince",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Port-au-Prince",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Haiti",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34261",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/port-au-prince"
  },
  {
   "id": "pulaski-county-kentucky",
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   "name": "Pulaski County, Kentucky",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Kentucky, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506309",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Kentucky",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/pulaski-county-kentucky"
  },
  {
   "id": "richmond-virginia",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Richmond, Virginia",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Virginia, United States",
   "summary": null,
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43421",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/richmond-virginia"
  },
  {
   "id": "rowlett-texas",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Rowlett, Texas",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Texas, United States",
   "summary": "Dallas County town where the Calloways owned a 100-acre farm and where Endsley was buried in the family plot.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976950",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlett,_Texas",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/rowlett-texas"
  },
  {
   "id": "san-francisco",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "San Francisco",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Gold Rush city where Pleasant built her business empire.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/san-francisco"
  },
  {
   "id": "sonoma-county",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Sonoma County, California",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "California, United States",
   "summary": "Site of Pleasant's ranch land, later known as Beltane Ranch.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108067",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/sonoma-county"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-johns-ward-toronto",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "St. John’s Ward",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
   "summary": "Toronto district that was home to roughly half of the city's Black residents in the 1850s and 1860s.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "",
   "wikipedia": null,
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/st-johns-ward-toronto"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-louis",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "St. Louis",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Missouri, United States",
   "summary": "City Brown passed through in 1856, working as a domestic.",
   "themes": null,
   "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38022",
   "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis",
   "page": "https://desk.blackexecutivebrief.com/history/st-louis"
  },
  {
   "id": "toronto",
   "kind": "place",
   "name": "Toronto",
   "alt_names": [],
   "dates": null,
   "region": "Ontario, Canada",
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   "year": null,
   "start": "",
   "end": "",
   "detail": "in a Kentucky cave",
   "detail_target": null,
   "bej_profile_title": "Frank McWorter: The Developer Who Bought His Wife First and Platted a Town to Pay for the Rest",
   "bej_profile_url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/frank-mcworter-the-developer-who-bought-his-wife-first-and-platted-a-town-to-pay-for-the-rest/",
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   "title": "Wilson Ruffin Abbott: From Refugee to Toronto's First Black Elected Official and Real Estate Pioneer",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/wilson-ruffin-abbott-from-refugee/",
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  {
   "title": "Biddy Mason: From 1,700-Mile Trek in Chains to California's First Black Female Real Estate Magnate",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/biddy-mason-from-1700-mile-trek-in/",
   "published": "2025-12-13T20:52:22+00:00",
   "subjects": [
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  },
  {
   "title": "Charity \"Duchess\" Quamino: Pioneer of Black Business in Colonial America",
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   "published": "2025-12-13T20:52:54+00:00",
   "subjects": [
    "charity-duchess-quamino"
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  },
  {
   "title": "Elizabeth A. Gloucester: The Richest Black Woman in America Nobody Taught You About",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/elizabeth-a-gloucester-the-richest-black-woman-in-america-nobody-taught-you-about/",
   "published": "2026-03-20T17:00:13+00:00",
   "subjects": [
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  },
  {
   "title": "Jane Johnson Endsley: The Woman Who Brought Dallas to Its Knees — Then Fueled It",
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   "subjects": [
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  },
  {
   "title": "Isaiah Montgomery: The Man Who Built a Nation Inside a Nation",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/isaiah-montgomery-the-man-who-built-a-nation-inside-a-nation/",
   "published": "2026-03-22T16:52:44+00:00",
   "subjects": [
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  {
   "title": "Mont Howell: The Shoemaker Who Stood His Ground in Atlanta",
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  {
   "title": "Edith Cumbo: Free, Armed With an Account Book, and Nobody's Property",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/edith-cumbo-free-armed-with-an-account-book-and-nobodys-property/",
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  {
   "title": "Cyrus Bustill: The Baker Who Built Black Philadelphia",
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   "title": "Sally Seymour: The Woman Who Cooked Charleston Into Submission",
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  {
   "title": "Eliza Allen: She Built America's First Black Bank — Starting in Slavery",
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   "published": "2026-03-30T16:58:17+00:00",
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   "title": "Jordan C. Jackson Jr.: The Self-Taught Slave Who Became Lexington's First Black Undertaker — Then Took on Jim Crow",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/jordan-c-jackson-jr-the-self-taught-slave-who-became-lexingtons-first-black-undertaker-then-took-on-jim-crow/",
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   "title": "Jeremiah G. Hamilton: Prince of Darkness and Wall Street’s First Black Millionaire",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/jeremiah-g-hamilton-prince-of-darkness-and-wall-streets-first-black-millionaire/",
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  {
   "title": "John Sarbah the Elder: Gold Coast Merchant Architect of Coastal Capital",
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   "published": "2026-08-04T13:51:17+00:00",
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  {
   "title": "Mary Ellen Pleasant: Capitalist by Profession, Architect of Freedom and Fortune",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/mary-ellen-pleasant-capitalist-by-profession-architect-of-freedom-and-fortune/",
   "published": "2026-08-11T11:32:30+00:00",
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  {
   "title": "Jacob Wilson Sey: The Palm-Oil Merchant Who Helped Keep the Gold Coast in African Hands",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/jacob-wilson-sey-the-palm-oil-merchant-who-helped-keep-the-gold-coast-in-african-hands/",
   "published": "2026-08-18T11:32:13+00:00",
   "subjects": [
    "jacob-wilson-sey"
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  {
   "title": "Clara Brown: Angel of the Rockies and Architect of Frontier Wealth",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/clara-brown-angel-of-the-rockies-and-architect-of-frontier-wealth/",
   "published": "2026-08-25T19:36:22+00:00",
   "subjects": [
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  },
  {
   "title": "Henry Boyd: The Manufacturer Who Sold to the South and Funded the Escape North",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/henry-boyd-the-manufacturer-who-sold-to-the-south-and-funded-the-escape-north/",
   "published": "2026-09-02T11:12:07+00:00",
   "subjects": [
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  {
   "title": "Stephen Smith and William Whipper: The Lumber Firm That Owned 22 Railcars and Ran Them Twice",
   "url": "https://www.blackexecutivebrief.com/stephen-smith-and-william-whipper-the-lumber-firm-that-owned-22-railcars-and-ran-them-twice/",
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   "subjects": [
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   ]
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  {
   "title": "Frank McWorter: The Developer Who Bought His Wife First and Platted a Town to Pay for the Rest",
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   "published": "2026-10-07T10:03:15+00:00",
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  }
 ]
}